Antennas By John D Kraus 1950
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Antennas By John D Kraus 1950
FOREWORD:
It. is the purpose of this book to present the basic theory of antennas with emphasis on their engineering applications. An effort has been made to , give a unified treatment of antennas from the electromagnetic theory point of view while keeping in mind the aspects of engineering importance. The principles given are basic and are applied to antennas for all fre— quencies. The first four chapters deal with the fundamental theory of point sources and of the antenna as an aperture. These are followed by three chapters on linear, loop, and helical antennas in that order. The theories of the biconical antenna and of the cylindrical antenna are then discussed.
- The self and mutual impedance of antennas and the theory of arrays of linear antennas are taken up in the next chapters, and these are followed by chapters on reflector-type antennas, slot, horn, complementary, lens, long wire antennas, and many other types.
- The final chapter describes methods and techniques of antenna measurements and includes a discussion of wave polarization. The Appendix has a number of useful tables for reference. Antennas form the dominant theme of the book, and other subjects are placed in a subordinate position. For example, transmission lines are not considered per se but are discussed in connection with impedance measurements and matching arrangements for antennas.
- The book is an outgrowth of lectures given in recent years by the author in a course on antennas at The Ohio State University. The material is suitable for use at about senior or first-year graduate level and is more than sufficient in amount for a one—semester course, allowing considerable lati-‘ tude as to the subjects treated. Problem sets are given at the end of each chapter.
As preparation for the course on antennas, it is desirable that the student have a knowledge of elementary electromagnetic theory, trans- mission lines and wave guides, and vector analysis. “Antennas” has been written to serve not only as a textbook but also, it is heped, as a reference book for the practicing engineer and scientist. As an aid to those seeking additional information on a particular subject, the book is well documented with footnote references. Some of the material in the book is published here for the first time. This refers particularly to portions of the treatments on point sources and on helical antennas.
TABLE OF CONTENTS:
Antennas By John D Kraus 1950
PREFACE-
CHAPTERl—INTRODUCTION
1-1Definitions
1-2 The Antenna as a Terminated Transmission Line
1-3 Shape—impedance Considerations
CHAPTERZ—POINTSOURCES
2-1Introduction
2-2PowerPatterns
2—3 A Power Theorem and Its Application to an Isotropic Source
2-4RadiationIntensity
2-5 Source with Hemisphere Power Pattern
2-6 Source with Unidirectional Cosine Power Pattern
27 Source with Bidirectional Cosine Power Pattern
2-8 Source with Sine (Doughnut) Power Pattern
2-9 Source with Sine Squared (Doughnut) Power Pattern
2-10 Source with Unidirectional Cosine Squared Power Pattern
2-11 Source with Unidirectional Cosine“ Power Pattern
2-12 Source with Unidirectional Power Pattern That Is Not Symmetrical
2-13 General Case of Source with Power Pattern of Any Shape
2-14Directivity
2-16FieldPatterns
2-17PhasePatterns
2-18 Genera] Equation for the Field of aPoint Source
CHAPTER 3—Tnn ANTENNA as AN APERTURE
3—1Introduction
3—2EffectiveAperture
3-3ScatteringAperture
3-4LossAperture
3-5 CollectingAperture
3-6PhysicalAperture
3—7 Maximum Effective Aperture of a Short Dipole
3-8 Maximum Effective Aperture of 9 Linear 33~Wavelength Antenna
3-9 Relation of Aperture to Directivity and Gain
3-10 Maximum Eliective Aperture of an Isotropic Source
3-11 Maximum Effective Aperture and Directivity of Isotropic, Short
Dipole, and {g-Wavelength Antennas
3-12FriisTransmissionFormula
CHAPTER 4—Aanars or POINT SOURCES
4-1Introduction
4-2 Arrays of Two Isotropic Point Sources
4-3 Nonisotropic but Simflar Point Sources and the Principle of Pattern
Multiplication
4-4 Example of Pattern Synthesis by Pattern Multiplication
4-5 Nonisotropic and Dissimilar Point Sources
4-6a Linear Arrays of n Isotropic Point Sources of Equal Amplitude and
Spacing
4-61) Null Directions for Arrays of n Isotropic Point Sources of Equal Am-
plitudeandSpacing
4-60 Some Remarks on Volume Arrays
4-6d Directions of Maxima for Arrays of n Isotropic Point Sources of Equal
AmplitudeandSpacing
4-7 Linear Broadside Arrays with N onuniform Amplitude Distributions
General considerations
4-8 Linear Arrays with Nonunil’orm Amplitude Distributions
The Dolph-Tcliebyschel’f optimum distribution
4-9 Example of Dolph-Tchebyschef‘f Distribution for an Array of Eight
Sources
4-10 Comparison of Amplitude Distributions for Eight-source Arrays
4-1100ntinuousArrays
4-12Huygens’Principle
4-13 Rectangular-area Broadside Arrays
CHAPTER 5-—Tnn ELECTRIC DIPOLE AND THIN LINEAR ANTENNAS
5-1 TheShortElectricDipole
5-2 TheFieldsofaShortDipole
5-3 Radiation Resistance of Short Electric Dipole
5-4 The Fields of a Short Dipole by the Hertz Vector Method
5-5 TheThinLinearAntenna
5-6 Radiation Resistance of t-Wavelcngth Antenna
5-7 Radiation Resistance at a Point Which Is Not a Current Maximum
5-8 Fields of a Thin Linear Antenna with a Uniform Traveling Wave
CHAPTERfi—TI—IELOOPANTENNA
6-1TheSmallLoop
6-2 The Short Magnetic Dipole Equivalence to a Loop
6-3 The Short Magnetic Dipole Far Fields
6-4 Comparison of Far Fields of Small Loop and Short Dipole
6-5 The LOOp Antenna General Case –
6-6 Far-field Patterns of Circular Loop Antennas with Uniform Current
6-7 TheSmallLoopasaSpecialCase
6-8 Radiation Resistance of Loops
6-9 Directivity of Circular Loop Antennas with Uniform Current
6-10TableofLoopFormulas
CHAPTER 7—THE HELICAL ANTENNA 173
7-1 Introduction 175
7-2 HelixDimensions174
CONTENTS ix
7—3 Radiation and Transmission Modes of Helices ‘ 175
7-4 The Normal Radiation Mode 179
7-5 Arrangements for Producing the Axial Mode of Radiation 182
7-6 Current Distribution on Helices 183
7-7 Terminal Impedance of Helices 186
7-8 Axial Mode Patterns and the Phase Velocity of Wave Propagation on
Helices187
7-9 Table of Relative Phase Velocities 194
7-10 Axial Mode Array Factor Patterns and Eliect of Number of Turns 194
7-11 Axial Mode Single-turn Patterns 197
7-12 Complete Axial Mode Pattern 201
7-13 Axial Ratio and Conditions for Circular Polarization from Helices
Radiating in the Axial Mode 203
7-14 Wide-band Characteristics of Helical Antennas Radiating in the Axial
Mode 210
7-15 Table of Pattern, Beam Width, Directixiity, Terminal Resistance, and
Axial-ratioFormulas 214
7-16 Tapered and Other Forms of Axial Mode Helical Antennas 214
CHAPTER 8—Tnn BICONICALANTENNA AND ITS IMPEDANCE 217
8-1 Introduction217
8-2 The Characteristic Impedance of the Infinite Biconical Antenna 217
8-3 Input Impedance of the Infinite Biconical Antenna 222
8-4 Input Impedance of the Finite Biconical Antenna 223
8-5 Pattern of Biconical Antenna 228
8-6 Input Impedance of Antennas of Arbitrary Shape 228
CHAPTER 9—THE CYLINDRICAL ANTENNA: I’rs CURRENT DISTRIBUTION AND
IMPEDANCE
9—1 Introduction
9-2 Outline of the Integral-equation Method
9-3 The Wave Equation in the Vector Potential A i
9-4 Hallén’s Integral Equation
9-5 First-order Solution of Hallén’s Equation
9-0 Length-thickness Parameter a
9-7 Equivalent Radius of Antennas with Noncircular Cross Section
9-8 CurrentDistributions
9-9Inputlmpedance
9-10 Patterns of Cylindrical Antennas
9-11 The Thin Cylindrical Antenna
9-12 Cylindrical Antennas with Conical Input Sections
9-13 Antennas of Other Shapes: The Spheroidal Antenna
Gunman lO—SELF- AND MUTUAL IMPEDANCES
10-1 Introduction
10—2 Reciprocity Theorem for Antennas
10-3 Self-impedance ofaThin Linear Antenna
10-4 Mutual Impedance of Two Parallel Linear Antennas
10-5 Mutual Impedance of Parallel Antennas Side by Side
10-6 Mutual Impedance of Parallel Collinear Antennas
10-7 Mutual Impedance of Parallel Antennas in Echelon
10-8 Mutual Impedance of Other Configurations
Parallel antennas of unequal height—V or skew antennas
10-9 Comparison of Self-impedanceFormulas
10-10 A Discussion of the Methods Used for Calculating Antenna Impedan ces
The boundary-value problem approach—The transmission-line
method—The Poynting vector method
10-11SimpleEmpiricalMethod
CHAPTER ll—ARRAYS or LINEAR ANTENNAS
11-1Introduction
11-2 Array of Two Driven é-wavelength Elements Broadside Case
Field patterns—Driving point impedance—Gain in field intensity
11-3 Array of Two Driven J2~-Wavelength Elements End-fire Case
Field patterns—Driving—point impedance—Gain in field intensity
11-4 Array of Two Driven t-wavelength Elements General Case with
Equal Currents of Any Phase Relation
11-5 Closely Spaced Elements and Radiating Efficiency
11-6 ArrayoanrivenElements
11-7 Horizontal Antennas AboveaPlane Ground
Horizontal t-wavelength antenna above ground—Flat-top beam
antenna above ground—Stacked horizontal t-wavelength antennas
above ground
11-8 Vertical Antennas AboveaPlane Ground
11-9 Arrays with Parasitic Elements
CHAPTER l2—REFLECTOR-TYPE ANTENNAS
12-1Introduction
12-2PlaneShcetReflector
12-3 Corner-reflector Antenna
12-4 The Parabola Genera-l Properties
12-5 A Comparison Between the Parabolic and Comer Reflector
12-6 The Paraboloidal Reflector
12-7 Patterns of Large Circular Apertures with Uniform Illumination
12-8 The Cylindrical Parabolic Reflector
12-9 ApertureDistributions
12-10FourierTransfonnMethod
CHAPTER 13—SL0T, HORN, AND COMPLEMENTARY ANTENNAS
13-1SlotAntennaS
13-2 Patterns of Slot Antennas in Elat Sheets
13-3 Babinet’s Principle and Complementary Antennas
13-4 The Impedance of Complementary Screens
13-5 The Impedance of SlotAntennas
13-6HornAntennas
13-7 The Rectangular Horn Antenna
13—8 Beam-widthComparison
CHAPTER 14—~LENS, LONG WIRE, AND OTHER TYPES or ANTENNAS
14—1 LensAntennas
CONTENTS
14—2 Nonmctallic Dielectric Lens Antennas
14—3 Artificial Dielectric Lens Antennas
14-4 E—plane Metal-plate Lens Antennas
14—5 Tolerances on Lens Antennas
14—6 H—plane Metal-plate Lens Antennas
14-7 PolyrodAntennas
14-8 LongWireAntennas
14-9 VAntennas
14-10RhombieAntennas
14—1] Beverage or Wave Antenna
14-12CurtainArrays
14—13 Location and Method of Feeding Antennas
14-14 FoldedDipoleAntenna
14-15 Modifications of Folded Dipoles
14-16 Ground-plane Antennas
14-17SleeveAntennas
14-18 Slotted Cylinder Antennas
14-19 Turnstile Antennas
14-20 Other Omnidirectional Antennas
14-21 Circularly Polarized Antennas
14-22 Receiving vs Transmitting Considerations \
14-23 Band-width Considerations
14-24 Matching Arrangements
CHAPTER 15—ANTENNA MEASUREMENTS
15-1 Introduction
15-2 Pattems
15-3 Pattern Measurement Arrangements
Distance requirement—Requirement of uniform field
15-4 PhaseMeasurements
15-5Directivity
15-6 Gain
Gain by comparison—~Absolute gain of identical antennas
15-7 Terminal Impedance Measurements
15-8 Radiation Resistance by Reflection Method
15-9 Current-distribution Measurements
15-10WavePolarization
15-11 Elliptical Polarization as Produced by Two Linearly Polarized Waves
15-12 Clockwise and Counterclockwise Circular Polarization
15-13 Clockwise and Counterclockwise Elliptical Polarization
15-14 PolarizationasaFunction of Ez/El and 6
15-15 Orientation of Polarization Ellipse with Respect to Coordinates
15-16 Elliptical Polarization as Produced by Two Circularly Polarized Waves
15-17 Polarization Measurements
Polarization-pattern method-«Linear-component method—
Circular—component method
15-18 Antenna Rotation Experiments
15-191\‘IodelMeasurements
BOOKSFORREFERENCE
APPENDIX
1TableofUnits
2 Tables of Maxwell’s Equations
3 Formulas for Input Impedance of Terminated Transmission Line
4 Reflection and Transmission Coefficients and SWR
5 Formulas for the Characteristic Impedance of Transmission Lines
6TrigonometricRelat-ions –
7HyperbolicRelations
8LogarithmicRelations
9 Approximation Formulas for Small Quantities
10Series
11 Solution of Quadratic Equation
12Pascal’sTriangle’
13VectorIdentitics
14 Gradient, Divergence, Curl, and Laplacian in Rectangular, Cylindrical,andSpherical Coordinates
15 Radians, Degrees, and Turns
16 Table of Trigonometric Functions for Decimal Fractions of aTurn
17 UniversalPatternCharts
18 Sine, Cosine, and Exponential Integral Relations
19 Tables of Sine and Cosine Integrals
20 General Poynting Vector and Directivity Formulas
INDEX
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